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The History and Science of Sonic Booms
Humans have always loved speed. In 1947, Chuck Yeager flew faster than sound for the first time. It was an important moment in flying history. Supersonic planes make loud sounds called sonic booms. Th...
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The Hidden Costs of the White T-Shirt
The white t-shirt is very common, but it affects the environment and people. Every year, two billion t-shirts are sold. Most start on cotton farms in the U.S., China, or India. Making one t-shirt need...
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The Importance of Safe Drinking Water
Water is very important for life. But not all water is safe to drink. About 10% of people in the world do not have clean water. This is often because of dirty conditions. Germs like bacteria, viruses,...
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The Power of the Placebo Effect
In 1996, a study tested a fake painkiller called Trivaricaine. It had no real pain-relieving effects. But people said they felt less pain in the treated area. This is an example of the placebo effect....
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The Invention that Powered Modern Computers
Modern computers can do tasks that were impossible in the past. Their power comes from an important invention: the transistor. A computer is a machine that does math. Early computers used mechanical p...
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How a Guitar Produces Sound
When you pluck a guitar string, it makes a standing wave. In this wave, some points (nodes) do not move, while others (anti-nodes) vibrate. These vibrations travel through the guitar’s body. The woo...
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The Journey of Three Plastic Bottles
This is the story of three plastic bottles. Each bottle is thrown away and follows a different path. These bottles are made from oil and gas turned into plastic.
Bottle one goes to a landfill. It s...
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How Brass Instruments Create Sound
Brass instruments like the trumpet, tuba, and trombone make sound using human breath and their structure. The sound starts with the player's lips vibrating, called "buzzing." The player blows air thro...
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Archimedes and the Floating Giant
The famous "Eureka!" moment of Archimedes is often linked to his discovery of buoyancy in a bathtub. But the real story may be connected to a huge engineering project for King Hieron of Syracuse in th...
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How Your Smartphone Knows Your Location.
Your smartphone can find your location using satellites, atomic clocks, and quantum mechanics. GPS satellites orbit 12,000 miles above Earth and send radio signals. Your phone measures how long it tak...
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How Earthquakes Affect Buildings
Earthquakes can cause buildings to collapse, but it is not just because the ground shakes. When the ground moves, it pushes the building’s foundation and lower levels. This sends shock waves through...
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The Chemistry of Car Coolants
Cars help people move and have interesting chemistry. Engines burn gasoline and air to make energy. This gives off heat because of an exothermic reaction. Too much heat can harm the engine. A cooling ...
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Navigating and Evaluating the News
Today, we have too much information. Knowing how to understand the news is very important. In the past, news came from a few trusted sources. But now, with the internet and new media, everyone can sha...
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How a Computer Processes a Mouse Click
When you use a computer, there's a lot happening behind the scenes to make even a simple action like clicking a mouse work. The mouse itself is a simple device that detects motion and sends a signal t...
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Understanding Public Opinion Polls
Polls are used to find out what people think about things like elections or fashion. But polls are not always correct. The results depend on the sample. If the sample is too small or does not include ...
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Materials That Remember Shapes
Shape memory alloys are amazing materials used in many areas. These metals can "remember" shapes because of the way their atoms are arranged. The atoms in these alloys can switch between different arr...
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The Roles of Scientific Laws and Theories
Scientific laws and theories have different roles in science. A scientific law predicts what will happen in certain conditions, while a theory explains why things happen. Laws are stable because they ...
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The Physics of Surfing
Surfing involves complex physics, from entering the water to riding a wave. A surfboard floats because of buoyancy, which creates an upward force by displacing water. This force balances the surfer...
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How PET Scans Work
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans are advanced medical tools used to detect diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's. They use radioactive tracers, such as FDG, made in a cyclotron. In the cyclotro...
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The Science Behind Neon Signs
Neon signs became popular in the early 20th century. They work by trapping neon gas in glass tubes and applying an electric current. The current excites neon atoms, making their electrons jump to high...
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The Science Behind Opera Singing
Opera singers can project their voices above an orchestra without microphones because of a technique called "squillo." This ringing sound comes from manipulating the harmonics of a note. Each musical ...
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Combating Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are essential for modern medicine, helping with surgeries and chemotherapy. However, bacteria are becoming resistant to these drugs, and new antibiotics are not being discovered fast enoug...
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The History and Misuse of IQ Tests
The IQ test was created in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon to identify children needing academic help. It measures cognitive abilities and gives a single score for general intelligence. Howev...
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Understanding DNA Ancestry Tests
DNA tests can show information about ancestry, but they have limits. For example, siblings can get different results from the same test. This happens because of recombination, a process that mixes DNA...
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The Evolution of the Second
The definition of a second has changed over time, with atomic clocks now providing the most precise measurement. Ancient civilizations measured time using calendars based on celestial movements. The s...
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